John the Baptist Rewrite Essay Example for Free

hindquarters the Baptist Rewrite EssayAbstract washstand the Baptist practiced treatment and baptizing Jews in the river Jordan. He was the adept who recognized the Naz atomic number 18ne as the messiah and baptized him. This baptism was the beginning of deliverer life as a teacher. But it is his shoemakers last that is almost al commissions how caper the Baptist is remembered and studied. His teaching is the al-Qaida of Baptist today. His life is told in only the Gospels and non such(prenominal) is really kn sustain about the hu troopsity who came before saviour to preach the word of God and of Jesus coming. INTRODUCTION John the Baptist practiced prophesy and baptizing Jews in the river Jordan. He was the cardinal who recognized Jesus as the messiah and baptized him. This baptism was the beginning of Jesus life as a teacher. But it is his death that is almost al trends how John the Baptist is remembered and studied. His teaching is the basis of Baptist today. The New Testament does not supply precise information about the dates of Johns or Jesus birth. Usually John the Baptist is associated with the Advent season.His descent is celebrated on June 24th. In the third or fourth century the birthday of Jesus was assigned to Dec. 25th, around the time of the winter solstice, after what we waul the shortest day of the year, when the time of daylight begins to increase. In Johns Gospel there is a saying from John the Baptist, referring to Jesus, that he must increase I must decrease (330). And so the birth of John was assigned to June 24th, after the summer solstice, when the daylight begins to decrease, following the longest day of the year.The Scripture readings for the nativity of St. John the Baptist reflect the dynamics of slump and increase mingled with John and Jesus. Todays Old Testament reading is one of the servant songs from Second Isaiah. It was chosen for its reference to the servant having been named from his mothers womb (Luke 1 60). But the passage similarly expresses central aspects of Johns career as a vaticinator to Gods people and a light to the nations. At the same time his status as servant makes him subordinate to Jesus.The selection from capital of Minnesotas speech in Acts 13 reminds us that John played a pivotal role in Salvation history and so won a place in the early Christian proclamation. Importance is given to Johns own recognition of his subordinate status with respect to Jesus, I am not worthy to unfasten the sandals of his feet. HIS HISTORY John the Baptist was described as a man that walked among the Jews in animals hair that was not covered by his own skin and he was a savage. He came with a center that God hath sent me to show you the way of the law, by which ye shall be freed from many tyrants.And no mortal shall recover over you, but only the highest who hath sent me. He dipped them into the stream of the Jordan and let them go warning them that they should abjure evil deeds ( Harrington, 2005, p. 25). In Lukes early narrative there are many parallels and comparisons between John and Jesus, both in the announcements of their births and in the accounts of them. fleck John is great, Jesus is greater is the message given. The idea is not to critic John but rather to highlight Jesus greatness.The birth of John is presented by Luke as the fulfillment of Gods promises not only to his elderly parents but also to Gods people as a whole, Elizabeth and Zechariah, Johns parents, insists that the child be named John , a name whose Hebrew form, Yohana, celebrates Gods mercy and favor to his people . If there is any connections between Jesus ant the Dead Sea Scrolls, it is through John, who was in the vacate until the day of his manifestation to Israel The child John grew up to become a augur of Gods coming kingdom, the messiah and the mentor of Jesus.The Gospel of Luke provides some of the chronological history of John the Baptist. According to Luke, John began to preach his baptism of repentance in the fifteenth year of Tiberius. Jesus was born sometime before the death of Herod the Great. This puts him at about thirty when he began to preach and died during the reign of Pontius Pilate, whose term was all over shortly before the death of Tiberius in 37 c. e. Since in all three gospels Jesus ministry come forths to last no more than about a year, the gospel of Luke places the death of Jesus between 25 C.E. and 29 C. E. with the latter being a range that would fit with Lukes claim that John began preaching around 28 C. E. (Kraemer, 2006, p. 334). There is a period of John the Baptist life that is blank and because the gospels are the only mentioning of the man, speculation has given a contingency of where he was. They gestated that John the Baptist was a recluse who spent a great amount of time with a group of people named the Essenes. These people lived in the desert awaiting the imminent arrival of the Messiah (Miller Scelfo, 2007).The Essenes had turned its back on the Herodian temples and its worship to withdrawal to the Judean desert. Their communities were created using monastic style communities, but also to instill a religious life for families. These religious instructions included a literary center and used exclusive rituals such as baptism and prayer. This is probably where the basis of Johns beliefs was founded. In an article in Newsweek it discusses how close John the Baptist, Jesus and possibly his family were to the Essenes community.The actual ritual of Baptism, that was the Essenes belief, symbolizes the leaving behind the sinful life one has led until now and to start out on the path to a new, changed life (Ratzinger, 2007). A Professor of religious studies wrote a book in 20006 that gave a little different look at the historical life of John the Baptist. According to this author, James Tolson, Jesus with his cousin John were in partnership and precept themselves as the founders not of a new relig ion but of a worldly royal dynasty that would be fulfilling ancient prophecies.The dynasty had come down from King David and was to limit Israel and guide it through an apocalyptic upheaval that was growing in the Kingdom of God on Earth. All of this was supposed to happen not in the unconnected or metaphoric future but then and now. True their message was one of a peaceful change, but Jesus knew he had aroused suspensions of Herodian rulers of promised land as well as the Romans. So, according to Tolson, Jesus had to establish a provisional government with 12 tribal officials and named his brother James, not Paul as his successor. Later James became the leader of the early Christian movement (Tolson, 2006).HIS DEATH History remembers Archelauss brother, Herod Antipas, because of his interactions with the vaticinator John the Baptist. John would loudly condemn Antipas degenerate behavior of having stolen his brothers wife, who was also his niece. Antipas arrested and kept John in chains, unable to kill him yet unable to put him out of his mind. According to the defend of check, When Herod heard John, he was greatly puzzled yet he liked to listen to him (Mark 620). Through a trick thought up by his wife and her daughter Salome, Antipas ended up executing John.Reports then filtered in of another prophet, and Antipas, perhaps plagued by remorse tried to see Jesus who avoided him, because of what he had done to his cousin. In both Mark and Mathew, the death of John the Baptizer is told in flashbacks. Jesus activities have attracted attention, and there have been speculation as to his identity, with some proposing that Jesus could be John the Baptist. Ross S. Kraemer of Brown University wrote an essay dealing with this subject. He also wrote that, Herod Antipas too having heard the word of the prophet after Johns beheading, believes that Jesus is indeed John.Herodias, Herods wife, was the one who resents John and wishes to kill him but she was still pr until nowted by Antipas fear of Johns righteousness and holiness. In Marks account at Antipass birthday meal was when an opportunity presented itself to Herodias. Antipas became entranced by his wifes daughter dancing and offered this daughter anything she wished, even half of his kingdom. The daughter then goes and asks her mother what to request and her mother replies that she wants her to ask for the head of John the Baptizer on a platter. Antipas complies only in order to honour his oath and preserve his honor before his guests.In Matthews account there are some differences but still significant differences. Both harbour that it is Antipas who orders Johns execution, but in Mark it is only because of Herodias that he does so, because Antipas has no desire to kill John. In Matthew Antipas himself desires to be rid of John, but has reservations because he fears the people who see John as a prophet. In Matthews account Antipas thought well of John and found his speeches pleasing. In M atthew, Herodias does not appear as a player until the end where like in Mark Herodias capitalizes on Antipass offer.In Mark, Antipas has been totally manipulated by Herodias and her daughter, but in Matthew, he has merely been enabled to do what he had wished all along but was too weak to do. One more account from the book of Josephus tells that Herodias and her daughter played no role whatsoever. Josephus and Matthew actually concur in seeing Herod as always desiring Johns death, but with different motivations being that John was critical of Herodias for the way of flouting Jewish tradition by marrying Antipas and this was the motive for Herods ordering the beheading.But Josephus does cite that Antipas was fearful of Johns popularity and that could have started and uprising. HIS PROPHECIES John the Baptizer was a prophet that preached with not so much words but with life. The words of the prophet ring true only because they carry with them the sweat, tears and blood of the prophet . According to Abraham Joshua Heschel, prophets are preachers whose lives are under siege, The prophet is a man who feels fiercely. God has thrust a burden upon his soul and he is bowed and stunned at mans fierce greed. Frightful is the agony of man no human voice can convey its full terror.Prophecy is the voice that God has impart to the silent agony, a voice to the plundered poor, to the profaned riches of the world. It is a form of living a crossing point of God and man. God is angered in the prophets words. (Dube, 2002, p. 42). The ministry of John the Baptizer was to challenge, provoke and call towards holiness. Because prophets are on the cutting edge of the call for repentance, their call is to shatter the nurse zones of sin and complacency. The conditions that call fourth prophets are conditions of idolatry, moral decadence and weak spirituality.This is why strict conditions are set up for any prophet who prophesies peace. The message of the prophet is one that calls for repentance, one that threatens us with its incarnated holiness, rages at us with Gods words as with John the Baptizers words of, Repent, Gods rule is around the corner Johns whole life was directed towards one goal, one direction, to give witness to the transcendent reality of God, which now make near, our eyes can see it and our hands can handle it. In Johns own words, I did not know Him, but that He should be revealed to Israel, therefore I came baptizing with water (Dube, 2002, p.43).What this means is that, ultimately, every prophet has to let go. John the Baptizer has to let that which he has given witness to take its own shape and form. Letting go seems easy, a holy thing to do, but in its aftermath it is a very hazardous moment for the prophet. What is hazardous for the prophet is thinking about what has really taken place. The result is that this final movement of the prophetic life is bound by some kind of crisis such as doubt or a trouble in the mind. The prophet discover s that he or she is not the sound from the trumpet but just a reed.This actualisation requires a re-centering. In Johns case, the crisis is his doubts about the Messiah. But after John sends two of his disciples to ask Jesus a question if he was the one or whether they should look for another his fears were relinquished (Yancey, 2007, p. 72). In Christian faith they believe that John the Baptist was ordained by God to preach and reveal the Messiah, they believe this to be Jesus. Prophecies that were foretold by John are in Luke 117, And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest, for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare His ways. and also Luke 175. In the Book of Malachi John the Baptist is referred to as a prophet who is to prepare the way of the Lord, Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me, and the Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, whom ye delight in, behold, he shall come, saith the Lord. (31). PROOF OF EXISTENCE In recent times a cave was find not far from the traditional birthplace of John the Baptist, Ein Kerem, just west of Jerusalem on a Kibbutz.Where John the Baptist was born and also where churches and monasteries are create to commemorate his birth. The cave is of considerable size with genuinely puzzling feature such as a large amount of broken patter, some dating to the period when John was active, a pool used perhaps for ritual immersion, a stone with the imprint of a foot, apparently used for foot-anointing and pictures on the walls that could assort to John the Baptist that depicts an upraised arm with three crosses. But much speculation as to whether this is a representation of John or not is still up in the air (Scham, 2004).Caves have long been associated with John. In the bible, his mother, Elizabeth, flees with him to a cave to escape Herods massacre of male infants, and as an adult he oftentimes lives in caves, giv ing some weight to the cave findings mentioned earlier. After Johns beheadings cults formed around his memory and often held religious rituals in caves. The come in was excavated by Shimon Gibson an Israeli archaeologist in 1999 and 2000. Around the perimeter he discovered the remains of walls with large dress stones which usually is a sign of an important place in the Near East.Although Gibson isnt clear on their age, he still uses this to uphold his find. Another artifact is a unique water channeling corpse suggesting the presence of a reservoir from its earliest occupation, probably between 800 and 500 B. C. This, Gibson proposes, was used for baptism rituals. Along with these relics are thousands of pieces of pottery, dating from Hellenistic times. CONCLUSION John the Baptist was a prophet of the coming of Jesus and as elusive in history as was Jesus. Not much information can be obtained about much of his life except for what is mentioned in the Gospel.The finding of the cave and if it is indeed where John the Baptist did work his miracles would be the first evidence to his existence. In all the information I found most focused on his death and the means of his sermons towards the end of his life. If the evidence at the excavations do prove to the existence of John than evidence on Jesus life will follow. I was most interested in the essay by Ross S. Kraemer that mentioned a possibility that John and Jesus could be the same. some(prenominal) is true, it is easy to say that John the Baptist was a man that through his sermons changed the world and created a faith.Bibliography Bugge, J. (2006, April). Virginity and prophecy in the old English Daniel. English Studies. 87(2), 127-147. Dube, C. (2002). From ecstasy to ecstasies A reflection on prophetic and Pentecostal ecstasy in the light of John the Baptizer. Journal of Pentecostal Theology, 11. 1 41-52 Gibson, S. (2004). The cave of john the Baptist. New York Doubleday Harrington, D. (2007, June 18). Decr ease and increase. America, 196(21), 38-39. Kraemer, R. S. (2006). Implicating herodias and her daughter in the death of john the Baptizer A christian theological strategy?Journal of Biblical Literature, 125(2), 321-349. Miller, L. Scelfo, J. (2007, May 21). A portrait of faith. Newsweek, 14(21), n. p. Ratzinger, J. (2007, May 21). The meaning of baptism. Newsweek, 149(21), n. p. Scham, S. (2004, November). St. johns cave. Archaeology, 57(6), 52. Tolson, J. (2006, March 17). The kingdom of Christ. News World Report, 140(14), n. p. Warrington, K. (2006, April). Acts and the healing narratives Why? Journal of Pentecostal Theology. 14(2), 189-217. Yancey, P. (2007, January). A tale of five herods. Christianity Today, 72.

Legal Rights Essay Example for Free

Legal Rights EssayCriminals have legal propers during trial procedures. With come bulge these adepts in that respect would be so much confusion and controversy in the court system today. There are four of them that I will give a outline summarization of and explain to you the consequences that could possibly happen if these legal justs were no longer upheld in the court system today. They are the right to confront witnesses, the right to an cold-eyed instrument panel, the right to counsel at trial, and last but not least the right to be competent trial. The right to confront witnesses is legal right. The sixth amendment gives the defendant the right to be confronted by the witnesses against them (Larry J. Siegel, 2012, 2010). This essentially gives the right for the defendant to have the witness me to court and give them the ability to look the witness right in the eye. This also gives the defendants lawyer the right to question the witness. If this right wasnt upheld then there would believably be a lot of rancid statements or accusations in the trial.It would also be hard to confirm whether or not the witness it telling the truth, because anyone can pick up a forgather of paper and write down what they want to, but when it comes to looking that person right in the eye it makes a whole lot of difference, because it gives the defense a chance to look at the body language of the witness and also, when it comes to the matching up of the statements, the witness could write down something, but then when it comes to testifying if they are deception then what they wrote down and what they are actually saying could be totally different and if this right was no longer upheld there could be innocent large number going to immure or a lot of pitifuls getting away with the crime that they have committed. alike if the legal right wasnt upheld how could the jury or the judge go off of a written statement that could have be written by anyone, if this rig ht wasnt upheld, then there would be so galore(postnominal) written statements on both sides, because they wouldnt have to testify during trial, it would be a whole lot easier for people to get off, because it would basically be he say, she say information, but the fact of having to actually go to court and testify under oath, puts you in a whole entire lout field so it helps in a lot of ways, because not only does it help the d defense but it helps the prosecuting attorneys also.The right to an impartial jury basically means that, the jurors who they select for the trial endure absolutely no one who is on the trial, none of the attorneys, the judge, the defendant or the plaintiff. They also cant know anything about the trial. No one on the jury can be biased. If this legal right wasnt upheld then the ruling of the case, wouldnt be uninfected and there would be a lot of people taking different sides just because of the person that they know.It wouldnt be fair to the defendant o r the plaintiff, because if the jury knew something about the case or knew of the person who committed the crime or of the person who the crime was committed upon then the jury would have mixed feelings and would probably never reach a decision which could cause a hung jury, which would probably let a criminal walk free. Also if anyone in the jury knew the judge, the prosecutor or the defense lawyer and they worked one of their cases or convicted them of a crime previously then they would probably just choose a side out of spite. Having an impartial jury is not only good for the defendant, but also for the prosecutor and plaintiff also, because if there was someone on the jury that had something against the plaintiff or prosecutor then they would probably just choose in favor of the defense just because of the grudge that they had against that party.The right to counsel means that the defendant has the right to have the assistance to counsel in the defendants defense and if they can t afford one then one would be appointed to them by the court. If this right wasnt upheld then there would be a lot of cases that would probably be ruled in favor of the plaintiff just because of the lack of fellowship of the defendant. Also there would probably be a lot of criminals behind bars, because then they wouldnt have a lawyer to speak on there be half and try to work out a lighter sentence on their behalf. There probably would not be as galore(postnominal) probation officers, because with the defendants being locked up then the options of them having probation or community service would be cut out of the picture.With a lawyer they help out the defendants a lot in trials, because the lawyer can work with the prosecutor and come up with many other options other than jail time. They can also help the defendant and show them ways and other things to do before trial to help them get a lesser or lighter sentence. Without the criminals having the right to counsel then there wou ld be a lot of amiss(p)ful accusations on the defendants side also it would be easier for the jury to side with the prosecutor because with the lack of knowledge the defendant probably wouldnt be able to get the information that they need for trial together.The right to be competent at trial means that in order to stand trial a criminal defendant moldiness be in there right state of mind and understand the nature and extent of the legal proceedings. Also if the defendant is considered mentally unstable then the trial must be postponed until treatment renders him capable of participating in his own defense (Larry J. Siegel, 2012, 2010).If this right was no longer upheld then every trial would be cheating(prenominal) and a lot of mentally unstable people would be in jail instead of getting proper treatment in the right facility. Also if it wasnt upheld then the defendant wouldnt be able to render the treatment that he/she needs to be able to stand trial. Also the criminal would prob ably try to act as his own counsel which, because they arent in there right state of mind and say or do things that he/she wouldnt understand, because they arent in there right state of mind and would they would get a harsher sentence for the crime.There are so many things that could go wrong if these legal rights werent in place. There are many cases that has happened and thats why we have these legal rights to day. In my opinion I feel that these rights are in effect for good reasons, because regardless of the person everyone should have rights. Without these legal rights there would be so much corruption and wrong doing in the courts today.

The Interrelation Between Tourism And Terrorism Tourism Essay

The Interrelation Between Tourism And Terrorism Tourism moveGiven that touristry is very fragile to terrorist bout, and that it has stick to dominate or perhaps displace, economy of roughly courtiers, it is imperative to take a closer give ear at the interrelation amid tourism act of terrorist act to slighten the negative conflicts. As indicated in the introduction, the first approach to the studies into affinity between tourism and credentials incidents focus on divers(prenominal) but interrelated disciplines ranging from the nature of such relationship (including types, causes, commits, motives and so forth) to the impact of terrorism on the tourism solicits. The overarching objective of this chapter is to follow-up studies with such approach which emerged in the stock of the 1990s.The chapter begins with a general treation and overview of the direct and indirect importance of tourism to the topic and global economies and proceeds to discuss the susceptibilit y of tourism assiduity to rampant crisis. Those terrorism concepts which relates to tourism industry are briefly reviewed. As region to literature, a time series synopsis approach with yearly aggregated data is presented to put down how and to what extent terrorists pull in targeted tourism since 1968. The rational and motives behind terrorists attack on tourism terminal is a crucial area which seeks logically examine relationship between terrorism and tourism. The next section devoted to these significant discussions. Then it would yield to next area of studies or the impact of terrorism as a tourism crisis on the tourism industry. For this purpose the extant research on the impact of terrorism on the tourism industry in several countries go away be reviewed. It to a fault considers various determinants of terrorism acts on the tourism industry. Last but not least, it explores the theories and comp unitynts of character and perception charge. It is as well imperative to clarify the definitions of a few repeatedly used terms that on that point is potential for confusion among them. This chapter also attempt to tour definition and develop empirically derived concept.ImportanceDespite recent crisis, tourism represent, one of the fastest growing sectors in the orbit economy. In 1960 the whole phaeton arrivals were around 70 million while it rocketed to some 700 million in 2003. tally to World Travel and Tourism Council, out of overall world exports, tourism industry is level for 12.2% and provides 8.3% of total jobs (WTTC, 2007 6). These general anatomys represent direct economic impact of the industry while the indirect impacts estimated to be much larger. The indirect impacts are enormous. For model it plays an important role in the development of new cities, societies and provides them with necessary infrastructure and superstructure. What is to a greater extent, tourism helps the protection of environment by stimulating the creation of nat ional put for wild life as well as the conservation and preservation of beaches and marine life as a part of tourist products. From cultural head up of view, it offers to a greater extent opportunities for the restoration of old monuments. It also encourages small industries, souvenirs, handmade art and craft it improves the standard of living in many societies. Moreover, the tourist spending in the tourist establishment (hotels, restaurants, and transportation) doesnt go totally to them. These establishments need to purchase goods and services from new(prenominal) sectors with local economy (services of builders, enumerateants, food, and beverage suppliers). Bale (1998) argues that tourism makes much contribution to employment by differentiating between its impact on direct and indirect employments.The contribution of tourism and travel to both industrialized and developing countries is now so great that any downturns in the level of activity in the industry are a cause of conc ern. The repercussions extend beyond activities directly associated with tourism, notably airlines, hotels and catering, to sectors that supplement intermediate or final goods that are purchased by firms and employees in the industry, so that all sectors of the economy are affected to a greater or lesser extent. Adam Blake and M. Thea Sinclair, Tourism Crisis Management adjusting to a temporary downturn,Sixth Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, 2002, p. 1.Tourism is important not entirely to essential nations but to many less developed ones, whose chief resources oftentimes come from their visitor attractions. Since no other substitute major natural resources, such as oil or heavy industry is available in such countries, they are heavily reliant on international tourism to generate national income. Although the lack of the necessary infrastructure and communication facilities are often proved to be an obstacle to attract a considerable number of tourists, some less de veloped countries demonstrated considerable success in attraction of tourists (Harrison 2001). In recent years, tourism has been focus of attentions for its potential to help to the reduction of poverty. UNWTO statistics reveals the growing expertness of the tourism industry for developing countries. International tourism receipts for developing countries accounted for a record number of 203 billion US dollar in 1995. According to the UNWTO, tourism is one of the major export sectors of poor countries and a tuging source of foreign exchange in 46 of the 49 Least create Countries (LDCs). (UNWTO 2007 p 38)Terrorism background and definitionTerrorism phenomena across the world is traceable to centuries ago when Jewish patriots, begun to challenge the Roman sovereignty in Blessed lands (Poland, 1988). In our times it dates back to the latter half of the twentieth century when terrorist attacks came to occupy a central place to in news headlines and it was in sixties and 1970s that grabbed the attention of the people from all over the world. It was for the first time in world history that so few people managed to put into flap so many peoples in a quick and effective manner (Sacks, 2004). The attacks against the US on 11th kinsfolk 2001, and the post-9/11 attacks, including the bombings in Bali, Jakarta, Casablanca, Mombasa, Madrid, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, London, India and other places are crest examples to this. The terrorism attacks buzz off been of importance to tourism industry as the tourism end point turn out to a prime target of terrorist attacks.Despite the omnipresence of terrorism attacks in the world today, there has been little consensus among scholars of terrorism studies over the concept. There are several reasons why terrorism is surd to define (Cronin 2002). Firstly, labelling an action as terrorism or a group as terrorist is hardly free from ideological or political partiality (Moxon-Browne, 1994). In addition, most definitions are very f lawed. everyplace time particularly when they come to power, the terrorism groups may recognized as a legitimate government. A prime example is Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress in South Africa. Another source of ambiguity in the definition lay in differing perception of what terrorism as it means different things to different governments and different scholars.To better define the terrorism it is important to set apart terrorism from crime-related acts. Tarlow (2001) lists the differences between acts of crimes and terrorism. He argued that relations with criminal acts requires well trained law of nature forces while terrorism is more war like in nature which can not cope with police actions alone. Rather it needs cooperation between all stakeholders in question. In addition, the name and addresss of terrorist are oddment through victimization and seek publicity and mass economic destructions with added subvention of loss of life.Table 1.1 Key Difference betwe en Acts of Tourism Crime and TerrorismCrimeTerrorismGoalUsually economic or kindly gainTo gain publicity and sometimes sympathy for a cause.Usual type of victimPerson may be known to the perpetrator or selected because he/she may yield economic gainKilling is random and appears to be more in line with a stochastic model. Numbers may or may not be importantDefenses in useOften reactive, reports takenSome pro-active devices such as radar detectorsPolitical political theoryUsually noneRobin Hood modelPublicityUsually local and rarely makes the international news some always is broadcast around the worldMost common ferments in tourism industry areCrimes of distractionRobberySexual AssaultDomestic terrorismInternational terrorismBombingsPotential for bio-chemical warfareStatistical accuracyOften very low, in many cases the travel and tourism industry does everything possible to hide the information roughly impossible to hide. Numbers are account with great accuracy and repeated often Length of negative effects on the local tourism industryIn most cases, it is short termIn most cases, it is long term unless replaced by new positive stunt manSource Tarlow (2001 134-135)Since the extent to which terrorism challenges governments and threatens civilian populations differs considerably, it is possible to constitute a typology based on which we can compare different types of terrorism. One approach is to differentiate between domestic qualified to the borders of one country and international consist of the citizens of more than one country terrorism. However, this distinction is proved to be perplexing in practice as most terrorist groups have links to abroad. (Chalk 1996) A more elaborate typology categorizes groups in terms of their primary motivations. Based upon such criteria, Peters (2002) classified terrorists into two broad categories the practical terrorist and the apocalyptic terrorist. The demand of practical terrorists is restricted to recreation of a state and society without destruction of the whole society, what its followers have in mind is to eradicate what they see as a political evil. A prime example of such terrorism is anti-abortion terrorists in United State. significative terrorists are very different. Their ultimate goal is to destruct completely the current worlds and build up a new order from the outset. Table 1.2 summarizes the principal(prenominal) feature of each approach.Table 1.2 Differences between Practical and Apocalyptic TerroristsPractical TerroristApocalyptic TerroristMental stateHopes to change a policy through violenceVictim of self-rage and angerTime frame for successThis world orientedNext world orientedAttitude toward religionTends toward secularizationTends toward religious mystical experiencesSuicideRarely suicidal, not a key goalHighly suicidal suicide is ameans to a greater endGoalRecreation of state or policyAnnihilation of the state, or peopleWillingness to use WMDsLimited use of chemicalBiologic al or nuclearValue of human lifeLowNonexistentSource Peters (2002) p.86 disregarding of these ambiguities, it is imperative to offer a working definition. For the purposes of this research, the terrorism defined as the calculated threat or use of violence designed to create an raise fear in a larger target population, perpetuated by individuals, sub-national groups, or state actors to attain political, social, or economic objectives. (Alexander, 2002) take the original articlehttp//www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/9/8/4/7/pages98470/p98470-3.php (GETTING IT RIGHT Understanding Effective Counter-Terrorism Strategies)The records of terrorism attacks on tourism targetsTourism and terrorism has always been inevitably interwoven. Over the last 30 years tourist industry have been key targets for terrorists attacks. The terrorists believed that they have been very successful in accomplishing their goals through terrorism attacks to tourism end points. As internation al terrorism augmented by phratry 11, 2001 attacks on US targets by al Qaida, its inevitable effects on tourism became the subject of somber concern (Sabasteanski, 2005). Paraskevas and Arendells (2007) list of pos-9/11 truism destinations and tourist targets attacked by terrorists up to September 2006 allow in more than 18 incidents. As such, Mitroff (2005) is right to state that it is no longer a question of if terrorists will strike but rather a question of when, how and how prepared the destination is to deal with them. The records of terrorist incident on the tourism industry between 01/01/1968 and 07/20/2007 indicate that tourists have been target of 261 out of 33817 terrorist accidents. (Figure 1) This accidents account for 676 tourists loss of lives and 1875 injury (Figure 2 and 3).Figure1.1 International Terrorism, 1968-2007, Number of IncidentsSource US segment of State (various years) and RAND seriesFigure1.2 International Terrorism, 1968-2007, Number of DeathsSource US Department of State (various years) and RAND seriesFigure1.3 International Terrorism, 1968-2007, Number of InjuriesSource US Department of State (various years) and RAND seriesThe targeted list of terrorist attacks varies. The 1960s and 1970s was the time of plane hijackings. Consequently, the terrorist targeted the tourism destination initially through plane hijackings in the time. In the 1960s, hijackings were often from the U.S. to Cuba with no intention to harm passengers. However, in the 1970s, the purpose of terrorists actions was the loss of life plus damage to the property. Thus we witnessed the more severe actions from them. During the 1970s, the Munich Olympic Games became the focus of one of the most notorious terrorist attacks and set a new standard for terrorism at major world occurrences. In the consequent years, the targeted list encompassed a florilegium of sites including, airlines, cruise ships, buses, restaurants and cafes, events and festivals, or sporting o r cultural institutions, wherever people get together for leisure or any other purpose. In the beginning of 90s, a significant number of terrorists incidents occurred at tourist destinations, while in the recent years we witnessed a shift in the targets of terrorism accidents (Mansfeld and Pizam, 2006). (Figure 4)Figure1.4 International Terrorism, 1968-2007, Incidents by Targets, Compare Tourists to other TargetsSource US Department of State (various years) and RAND seriesTerrorists motivesTourism scholars argued that understanding terrorist motive may shed light on the relationship between terrorism and tourism (Sonmez, 1997). As such they have sought to explain the motive behind the terrorist activities regarding the tourism destination. To date, there is no consensus among scholars on their accounting of terrorist objectives, however almost all agree that terrorists have much to gain by targeting tourists. In their influential work on terrorism and tourism Sonmez, Apostolopoulos , and Tarlow (1999 85) famous that tourism destinations offer a cost-effective instrument to deliver a broader message of ideological/political opposition. They placed the terrorists objective in two main groups strategic objectives and ideological objectives.With respect to strategic objectives, they maintained that terrorists tend to accomplish some goals that can be found only in tourism destinations. These goals include mass chance(a)ties, mass publicity and great economic damage. As discussed earlier, tourism is lucrative business interconnected with several other industries thus an attack on the tourism industry would affect considerably a number of secondary industries as well. What is more, tourism officials have often avoided taking tough steps to discover terrorism because such measures often result in frightening the potential customers. As such the tourism destinations have seen as an easy target for terrorism attacks. Tourism destinations also are visited by a regula r flow of new people, thus terrorists are hardly suspected. In other words, terrorists can tardily disguise their identity in the tourism destinations. Tourism industry is also a sensitive area to media especially when nationals of other countries are engaged it will receive massive coverage from international media and at the same time it bypass their governments censorship. (Weimann and Winn 1994 143)The ideological objectives are more complex ones encompassing clashing values, cultures, or socioeconomic levels. Such motives push the terrorists to target the tourists for their symbolic value as proxy of larger group or apparently their governments. In his discussion of terrorism in Egypt, Aziz (1995) put into question a widely accepted notion that Islam is simply against foreign tourists. According to Aziz, tourists differs from and locals by many cultural and social gaps. hobby Richters he argue that since travel styles can be representative of ideological values, class behavio r, and political culture of tourists and their countries, tourists may be targeted because of their tourism styles which may demonstrate prominent consumption (i.e., demonstration of money or credit cards flashy photography equipment expensive clothes, jewelry, and luggage). The clash of cultures and values between locals and travelers can also account for motives. Certain tourist behaviors (i.e., consumption of pork and alcohol gambling Western dress codes of behavior incongruent with Islamic tradition) oppose to Islamic cultural values-are also suggested as a possible explanation for the Egyptians frustration (Aziz 1995). Wahab (1996) stated that sometimes terrorism specifically targets tourism because it is seen as a movement of visitors representing a form of neo-colonialism or a threat to well-established societal norms, traditions, value-systems, and religious convictions.The impact of terrorist attack to tourism industryThe impact of terrorism on a states economy may be enor mous, leading to unemployment,homelessness, deflation, crime and other economic and social ills (Laurance, 20032)Previous studies based on the accumulate evidence throughout the world shows that the impact of terrorists attacks on tourism industry, destination, the local community, the tourists are in the most cases negative and resulted in decline in tourism demands. Such incidents paralysed or severely impacted the local tourism industry as result of trip cancellation and the inclination of passengers of booking to safer alternative destinations. These events have resulted in major drops in tourism demand, for example we witnessed the loss of more than a million arrivals from the United States to Europe in 1986 down 23% from 1985 because of December 1985 Palestinian terrorists attacks in airports in Rome and Vienna and the 1986 hijacking of TWA flight. (Brady and Widdows, 1988 8 Hurley, 1988 Conant et al, 1988)The following is copied from Effects of News Shock on Inbound Tourist D emand Volatility in Korea http//jtr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/44/4/457.pdfBlake and Sinclair (2003) explored the effects of the September 11 terrorist attack in the United States using a computable general equilibrium model. In their study, they reported the percentage decreases in the number of visits during September 2001 compared to the previous 12 months were 34% for domestic and 23% for international travel. Baron analysed monthly tourism figures to measure the effect of terrorism on tourism in Israel, Spain, Egypt and turkey. For instance, the analysis indicated that ongoing terrorism cost Israel approximately 332000 visitors from North America between Spring of 1985 to the end of 1987, at a cost of around 54 million U.S. Dollars (). Others have also reported reductions in tourist arrival and receipts in the periods following terrorist action in, for example, Israel (Pizam 1999), Egypt (Wahab, 1996) and Northern Ireland (Pizam, l999 Wall, 1996). In addition to quantifying the re duction in the number of visitors to destinations affected by terrorism, studies have also assessed the duration of this impact. Using newspaper reports of terrorism world-wide between 1985 and 1998 Pizam and Smith (2000), found that 79% of media reported terrorist incidents were associated with a significant decline in tourism, and that the effect lasted between one and six months. Enders and Sandler (1991) estimated that an average terrorist incident in Spain in the period between 1970 and 1988 resulted in a decrease of approximately 140,000 visitors. However, the decline did not start until three months after(prenominal) the incident, and took around two years for visitor numbers to stabilize at a le just below that prior to the incident. A somewhat longer delay was observed tourism to Greece and Italy, where it was between six and nine months after terrorist attack before tourism figures started to decrease (Enders et al., 1992). Pizam and Smith (2000) argue that observed time delays in the deterrent effect of terrorist action might be because travelers would usually forfeit the costs of the travel if they were to cancel at short notice.In addition to the effects of terrorism on tourism over time, research has also examined whether the deterrent effect is limited just to the country targeted by the terrorists or whether it extends to other destinations. Enders et al., (1992) identified a generalized deterrent effect of terrorism in accepted European countries on tourism throughout Continental Europe during the 1970s and 1980s. They also identified that terrorism in France did not specifically impact French tourism, but that it did contribute to lost revenues for continental Europe as a whole, suggesting that the deterrence was generalized to the whole continent. However, it is not clear why there was not any reduction in visitors to France. Similarly, Richter and Waugh (1936) state that tourism to Switzerland was adversely affected by terrorism in Franc e, Italy and Austria.The determinants of terrorist attacks to tourism industryThe scholars identified diverse variables determining the impacts of terrorism on the tourism industry and the ability of countries to recover quickly. However they failed to offer any integrated empirical or theoretical frameworks for the unremarkable relationship between these variables. Still, almost all studies refer to tourism demand drop as a proxy for tourism industry suffering. Santana (1997) developed a model, which bring together the psychological and demographic factors that tend to influence the attitude to international travel (or destination cooking stove) referred to as deterrence (or drop in demand) in the light of threat from terrorism. He identified the psychological factors as Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS), Experience Seeking (ES), attitude to international travel (AIT), endangerment perception of political hazards and risk perception of physical hazards. The socialization factor s of age, gender and travel experience are included in the model as well.Figure1.3 casual relationship among determinants of terrorists attacks to tourism industryTASGenderESDeterrenceAgeAITPolitical HazardsTravel ExperiencePhysical HazardsSource Santana (1997), p. 457To find out which certain acts of terrorism has more determining impact on tourism demand than others, Pizam and Smith (2000) identified a variety of characteristics of terrorism activities including frequencies, locations, asperity and motives. They also took into account destination build and mass media as two important intervening which suppose to impact the tourism demand over the security incidents.Elsewhere Pizam (1997) have maintained that the impact of terrorism attacks on tourism industry varys by its severity of the event and the frequency of occurrence. He noted thatacts resulting in mass destruction of life and property followed by loss of life and bodily harm have the strongest effect on tourism demand. . . . Acts resulting in loss of property only have the lowest effect on tourism demand. . . . All else being equal, acts occurring more frequently will have a more intense, widespread and lengthy effect on tourism demand than those occurring less frequently (Pizam, 1997 11).Tarlow(2006) argues that in the last decades there does not seem to be a relationship between a locales base population size and the act of terrorism. As such, terrorism has targeted both rural and urban settings (Mansfeld and Pizam, 200617). Discussing on risk evaluation, Walker and Page, (2003) has demonstrated the interrelationship between severity and frequency of incident on a graph. As they indicated there is a direct correlation between frequency of problems and its severity. As such the minor incidents happens more frequent than the severe ones like terrorism.Figure 1.4 The Tourist Health and Safety Continuum Severity and Frequency of IncidentsSource Walker and Page, 2003, page 222Image and Perception ma nagementTerrorism attacks on tourism destination have not always left an enduring impact on the tourism industry. Yet, the comparative evidence show that soon after the event receives the international coverage, the information it conveys will be result in negative take to among potential tourists and this in turn lead to cancelation their travel and /or choosing to book a more secure place. (Mansfeld and Pizam, 2005) Therefore, the host countries tend to take necessary measures to lessen the negative images by conveying correct, aboveboard and market oriented messages. Lepp and Gibson (2003) referred to four key authorities responsible for disseminating such information Security and risk information issued and communicated by governmental agencies in the generating markets (in the form of travel advisories) The global and local mass media Governmental tourism organizations in the affected receiving destination and The travel industry in the generating markets (Lepp and Gibson, 20 03).Since discussing on all aspects of the topic will be beyond of the scope of the research I only explore the destination image and the role of media.4.6.1 The Concept of Image (Tourism Events thesis) pp 57An image is a concept that is hard to understand. It has both vague and shifting meanings and used in a variety of contexts and disciplines, thereby creating different meanings. The definition for tourist destination image that is most commonly cited is that by Crompton(1979, in Jenkins, 1999)the sum of beliefs, ideas and impressions that a person has of adestination. (p. 18)Many authors have also defined tourism image of a destination as the mental portrayal of a destination (Alhemoud Armstrong, 1996 Kotler, et al., 1993, in Erfurt et al., 2003).The image of a destination is a crucial factor in a tourists destination choice process (Jenkins, 1999) and according to Mercer (1971, in Mossberg, 2000) the initial image formation stage is the most important phase in the get process when selection a destination. Only the destinations the individual is aware of will be considered in the destination selection process and this awareness implies an image of the destination (Mossberg, 2000). Furthermore, according to Fakey and Crompton (1991) only destinations with positive images can be expected to prosper, while those with less favourable images may never achieve their fullest tourism potential.Destination imageTo make decision on where to go or choosing the one destination over another by potential travellers has long been of great significant to academics and tourist stakeholders. The existing literature suggested that destination choices are influenced and conditioned by both internal (such as images, perceptions, motives, attitudes, and beliefs) and external factors (i.e., time, destination attributes, perceived costs of tourism product, emptor characteristics, and benefits sought). Image among other factors received more attentions as a deciding factor in c hoosing on destination. Thus the scholars employed the concept of destination image to describe this determining factor. Bojanic (1991 p) defined country destination image as the impressions that a person or persons hold about a country in which they do not reside. Similarly Crompton Crompton (1979 18, in Jenkins, 1999) noted destination image is the sum of beliefs, ideas, and impressions that a person has of a destination. imputable to its importance, destination image has come to consider as a dependent variable in the consequent studies and the scholars attempted to identify the determinants that define, modify, and strengthen this construct. For instance, Hall and OSullivan (1996) identified three basic elements creating a destination image (a) Returning tourists via verbal reporting, (b) the role of Media in making image and (c) Overall policies of the host government.The scholars are on consensus that the destinations with strong, positive images are more likely to be consider ed and chosen in the destination selection process. In contrast, they argue that the perceptions held by visitors about potential crisis in the tourist destination have significant influences upon the tourism demand. However, there exist little if any, clearly defined conceptual base for destination image studies, especially the ones investigating causality between destination image and negative events. Seddighi and his colleagues (2000) developed a framework for the examination of perceived impact of political asymmetry on tourism. As illustrated in figure 1.5 a synthesis of information flow which comes from the above mentioned elements of destination image creation (i.e., word of mouth, media, and government policies) is account for the perceptions of potential travellers. This information is in turn manipulated by Prospective Holidaymakers and Tourism Generating Region through a process of the determination of the perceptual pattern/image for a particular tourism destination. Th e destination choice therefore is reliant on the extent to which the perceptual patterns of holidaymakers towards the destination are positive or negative.Figure 1.5 Perceived impact of political instability on tourismSource Seddighi et al., (2000 ), p.182Since the tourists do not spare time to check the reality behind the received images, these images become highly biased and distorted. Due to frequent hostilities that have originated from the Arab-Israeli conflict, Israels high-risk tourism image has prevailed. The struggle to reverse this image has been extremely frustrating, involving simultaneous confrontation between government agencies, tourism operators, and the media.MediaAlmost no researches disagree on that intensive mass media coverage of security incidents results in the drop of tourists arrivals in affected destinations (Mansfeld and Pizam, 200617). They widely accepted that it is the media that give the event more or less significance by different interpretation. Ther efore in many cases the news media tends to distort the actual security situation and to misinform the risk involved in traveling to affected destinations. In addition, the media reports often is not merely limited to exact report of what happened but also act as an advisor by interpreting the risk involved i

Foundation Stage Curriculum in Design and Technology

mental hospital Stage Curriculum in Design and applied scienceIntroductionThe following study is designed to be a very brief introduction to one distinct area of the intro Stage Curriculum. It would be impossible to fully discuss all the issues which bemuse been raised by my study, nonetheless, it will attempt to provide a succinct introduction to each of the chief(prenominal) points.RationaleI have chosen to research the Designing and Making aspect of Knowledge and Understanding of the World from the Foundation Stage Curriculum (DFES 2000, 91). I have chosen this protrudeicular area of Learning because I feel that I have had limited experience of teaching Design and Technology at any point in the Primary age hurtle, and as such wish to develop extend and develop my understanding by further research. The Foundation Stage Curriculum could be considered to be the basis for all other cultivation through appear a peasants life, and as such a thorough grounding in teaching and schooling Knowledge and Understanding of the World, should provide a sound basis for teaching Design and Technology in other phases of the Primary school, as this quote demonstratesIn this area of learning, kidskinren are developing the crucial knowledge,skills and understanding that help them to make sense of the world. Thisforms the foundation for later on work in science, design and technology,history, geography, and information and communication technology(ICT). (DFES 2000, 82)In addition to the reason slide byn above, I am also unsure how to opera hat support a boor as they develop designing and reservation skills at such a young age, with regard to providing them with a wide range of opportunities, yet taking health and safety into consideration.Understanding design work will come from using a variety of joining methods and materials, (DFES 2000, 82), yet how should these methods be taught to best effect? It is also difficult to know which specific designing and making s kills will be useful to the child, and what range of skills should be taught to the child. Should each child be taught a range of skills which are specific to them?My final reason for choosing to study this particular aspect of the Foundation Stage Curriculum has been derived from looking at the Ofsted Subject Reports for 1999-2000 (Ofsted 2000). In one quarter of schools standards and the quality of DT have risen markedly since the previous inspection, but in one school in sestet DT provisions have deteriorated, (Ofsted 2000, 1), this shows that although the provision of design and technology has improved in a quarter of our primary schools, it has either stayed the same, or deteriorated badly in trinity quarters of primary settings. This would seem to support the assertion that the provision of good quality design and technology teaching and learning, should be of paramount importance to out schools, starting with facilitating children as they access the Knowledge and Understand ing of the World portion of the Foundation Stage Curriculum. A solid base on which to build, as discussed above, should verify that children are better habitationd to access the design and technology curriculum as they progress through school.EvidenceThe following is a summary of the grounds collected concerning the teaching of designing and making skills in the Foundation stage settings of two different Primary schools. The schools will henceforth be referred to as schooltime A and School B.School A is a large Primary school with an integrated Foundation unit of measurement. The majority of the staff in the Foundation Unit are graduate(prenominal)/Scope trained and as such the setting follows the full(prenominal)/Scope daily routine, as outlined by Hohmann and Weikart (2002, 151-165).In the High/Scope approach to early on childhood education, adults andchildren share control. We recognize that the power to learn residesin the child, hence the focus on diligent learning pra ctices. When we simulate that learning comes from within, we achieve a critical balancein educating young children. The adults role is to support and guideyoung children through their active learning adventures andexperiences. I believe this is what makes our program work so well.(Hohmann and Weikart 2002, 3)The above quote neatly summarises the main reasons which prompt different settings to adopt a High/Scope or active learning, approach to the Foundation Stage Curriculum, the main idea being that children learn best from first hand experiences and from self-generated learning opportunities. This idea is further supported by the Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage, for instance, they learn effectively by doing, (DFES 2000, 82).I observed a plan-do-review session, as part of the daily routine at School A. During such sessions the children choose where they wish to work, for example in the water area, and formulate a plan which they will cause once they start work in thei r chosen area. Following the main, doing, part of the session the children are encouraged to review, what they have done and comment on the proportional success or failure of the plan. In this way the children are encouraged to learn from their mistakes, and also to gain encouragement from their successes, (Hohmann and Weikart 2002, 167-243).I observed one child during the aforementioned session, Child A, and followed her through the entire process. She had planned to work in the construction area with the large bricks, and had decided to build a boat. Before root system work she collected a constituent of paper and a pencil and sat down to plan her boat. Child A worked for some time on this design before starting work. She used the large bricks to build her boat and then started to collect other equipment from around the setting to place onboard, including large quantities of charge card diet from the role tactic area. When asked about this Child A explained that she was going on a long journey and needed to take lots of food with her. During review time Child A explained to the rest of her group and the adults who were present, that she felt she had successfully carried out her plan, however, she would have preferred to build a boat that would float. The crystallize teacher explained to her that this might be possible in the following plan-do-review session. Indeed for the following session, the teacher collected lots of materials, such as plastic bottles and corks to give Child A the scope to build her own floating boatWhen adults seek out and support childrens interests, children are freeto follow through on interests and activities they are already highlymotivated to pursue. They are also willing to try new things and tobuild on what they are already doing.(Hohmann and Weikart 2002, 55)The show outlined above shows a good example of how children tin can be supported in developing their own designing and making skills, and indeed can be highly moti vated to do so. Child A was given the opportunity to meet an early learning goal through the medium of playProvide opportunities for children to practise their skills, initiate andplan simple projects and select, choose and devise their own solutionsin design and making processes.(DFES 2000, 91)In School B, I was sufficient to observe the teaching of designing and making skills in a completely different way to that outlined above. I observed a Reception teacher leading a planned lesson in which the aim was for each child to produce a money box. The children were taken in small groups to sit with a classroom assistant to make their money boxes, while the rest of the children played. The children were asked to assemble the net of a box, which had already been cut out for them, by gluing the flaps and adhesive them together. They were then permitted to decorate their boxes as they chose. It was difficult to assess whether any true learning had taken place during the lesson as the chil dren were all producing exactly the same piece of work, and in many cases much of the actual assembly work was carried out by the teaching assistant.School B does not appear to have embraced the make out features of the Foundation Stage Curriculum as outlined by Tassoni (2002, 1) in Appendix I, as such the children are unlikely to meet the Early learning goals for designing and making skills, one of which is detailed above (DFES 2000, 91). They would benefit from developing a child initiated approach to teaching design and technology in the early years, as advocated by the High/Scope approach (Hohmann and Weikart 2002) and the Foundation Stage Curriculum (DFES 2000). It is obvious from the evidence given that no real learning took place in the design and technology lesson which was observed in School B. Such a directed activity can leave no room for the childs initiative and the development of their individual designing and making skills.ConclusionIn conclusion, the evidence outlin ed above has led me to conclude that designing and making skills can be best taught through child initiated learning. The adult can support the childs learning by providing further opportunities and materials once they have highlighted the childs own interests. A directed approach to teaching design and technology in the Early Years does not follow the counselor-at-law given in the Foundation Stage Curriculum (DFES 2000), and as such should have no place in our schools as it does nothing to further the childrens learning. I now feel more confident that I would know how to approach the teaching of designing and making skills if placed in a Foundation Stage setting.Appendix IKey Features of the Foundation StageRecognition that young children need to learn through practical experiences rather than being taught. cinch is emphasised as the vehicle of learning for children.The importance of working from childrens interests and needs is highlighted.It is the first curriculum in England to cross the divide between pre-schools and schools.Personal, friendly and emotional development of children is recognised as providing the backdrop for other learning.The role of parents is promoted as that of being an equal partner.(Tassoni 2002, 1)BibliographyDFES (2000) Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage capital of the United Kingdom Department for Education and Skills.Hohmann, Mary and Weikart, David P. (2002) Educating Young Children capital of the United Kingdom High/Scope Educational Research FoundationOfsted (2000) Ofsted Subject Reports, 1999-2000 Primary Design and Technology (DT) LondonOfstedTassoni, Penny (2002) Planning for the Foundation Stage Ideas for themes and activities Oxford Heinemann Educational Publishers

The importance of financial intermediaries

The grandness of fiscal intermediariesIntroductionNowadays fiscal intermediations play the important social function in the economy. Firms and individuals can find sources to finance its new project. similarly loaner can cast their money in secure positions. Financial intermediations raise bills from the depositors for short term and lend them to the borrower for long term. The main job of those institutions is to provide finance through taking extra risk. So there are 3 parties engaged in those investments process. The lender or the depositor could lend his money on secure way and low cost. The borrower can find the finance of his project. The pecuniary intermediation manages the process of those transactions. The question now is that why do lender and borrower need financial intermediation to manage this relationship. Why do not they do it instanter without a third company? The answer of this question needs to know the main reasons why financial intermediations exist. The re are terzetto reasons explain this issue. jump reason is that, the different requirement of those two parties. Second reason is the transaction cost. Finally is the unsymmetrical randomness. In this assay we leave behind focus on the asymmetric randomness as a reason of the existence of the financial intermediation. Also, in this essay I will first explain the Asymmetric information, adverse woof and virtuous bet on. Then I will brief some empirical study about the issue of the nub of Asymmetric information to represent the importance of this issue. Also, I will explain the effect of the transaction cost because it has relation with the information cost to avoid unobserved information. Finally, I will explain the financial intermediary natural and their role in guiding the financial process. My conclusion refers to the importance of financial institutions to avoid asymmetric information. I am also stirred upon the difference among the risk transferring and risk sharing and the fails of those conventional institutions in the last financial crisis. I recommended Islamic industry is an alternative to those convectional ones which can be able to withstand during the crisis because they works as a partner with their consumer and they share the risks with them.The impact of Asymmetric information, adverse cream, and moral dissemble on the lender.It is important to the lender to welcome the good quality and quantity information about the borrower to be in the save side. When the information is poor that means there will be risk exist. Asymmetric information is an important concept in finance and needs to be understood. It means said Bucle (1998) the information refers to the situation where one party has more information than the other party. This is a problem with most types of transactions, financial or non financial transactions. In the Case of a financial transaction, the borrower will have more information about the Risks and return of the inves tment project for which silver are being borrowed and the lender do not have the same information the borrower does. So it may leads to actual conflict. Asymmetric information more affect lender, before he crumbles loan to the borrower and after.Adverse selection is the result of asymmetric information which means a bad selection with high risk of default. The adverse selection refers to the borrower with adverse return.Also, the second result of asymmetric information is moral hazard continued Bucle (1998). The lender will face this particular problems, in which always happened after lending. This problem is described as bad behaviour that accurse when the lender beat back the money from the lender and because the money is not belonged to him he will use it badly. He will use it for risky activities. As a result the lender will be at risk of losing his money.Karlan and at al (2005) investigate the moral hazard and adverse selection in credit market in South Africa. The random sa mple of 58000, of male and female, direct base on ballss mail used by a larger lender in South Africa by three classes. First, offer interest rate. Second, contract interest rate which is equal or less the offer interest rate and revealed to more than 4000 borrowers that agreed to the first offer rate. Finally, a dynamic repayment with a good price on future loans for borrowers still in a good positions. These three stages supported by full information hurln to the lenders. The study setup distinguishes adverse selection from moral hazard impact on repayment. The result found that approximately 20% of default is because asymmetric information problems.Another empirical study of the impact of asymmetric information conducted byGaul and at al (2008) investigate the effect of unobservable information on corporate loan market, and if the borrower gives the lender the incentive to reduce the asymmetric information effects. The study used a regression to give evidence of a positive rela tionship between some measure of loan borrower by lender, contract terms, negotiating loans, and the amount of non- publicly information. The study found that, moral hazard and adverse selection problems do exist in the corporate loan market.As a result of asymmetric information, adverse select, and moral hazard is the transaction cost. So what do we mean by transaction cost? Bucle (1998) counts four types of transaction costs which are as follows. Firstly, search cost, the borrower and the lender will be affected by high cost of searching for accurate information about each other to avoid risks associated to default and loss money. Also, checkout costs, which mean the cost that accrues when lender tries, ensure that information he has is true. Furthermore, monitoring costs, the lender after given loan to the borrower should follow the borrower activities to make sure he will be able to make payment as agreed. Finally, enforcement costs, in case of default the lender wants to ensur e that the lender can be compel to draw the money back.The importance of the financial intermediariesThe financial intermediation is the entity which in a med position between two parties and manage the financial transaction between them. Commercial banks, investment banks, stock investing services, insurance providers, etc are examples of the financial intermediation. So we can imagine the importance of those entities. For example banks, it does the important role. Banks obtain funds from depositors and then lend those funds to borrowers. Also provide financial services said Fraser and et al (2001). Also individual as lender can get fixed income at cheaper cost. Also, when the lender uses the financial intermediary he wont need to adjudge those costs. He does not have to spend money and quantify for collecting information to find good borrower. Moreover, he can get his money back at any time he want it. Also he does not have to bear risks of default the borrower and other risks because the risks are borne by the bank. Always banks have information and policy system about their clients and ray their investment in case mismatching the maturities of their assets and liabilities said Saunders (2008).Saunders and et al (2008) said because of costs of monitoring, liquidity, and price risk, as well as for some other reasons, savers often favor to hold the financial claims issued by FIs rather than those issued by corporations. Diamond (1984) veritable a model of delegate monitoring. Financial intermediary acts as monitor by promising the lender a fixed income and monitor the borrower activity to fulfil the lender the promise said Allen at al (2008). Another model developed by Boot and Thakor (1997) about delegated monitoring. They assume that, there are three kind of information. First, incomplete and unclear information about the future activity that the borrower is red ink to do and they suggest the solution is using financial market to obtain this inform ation. Second the lender does not have information about the lender activity in term of invest the money in safe or risky project, and they suggest the solution by intermediary. Finally, borrower might have the chance to invest in a risky project and also they suggest the solution by intermediary said Allen at al (2008).Conclusion and recommendationsIn conclusion, financial intermediaries do not exist by chance the economy has found them. As it shows above it exist because the need of the two separate parties and these parties represent the complex body part of the economy in any country. Borrower wants to have finance in his new project. Also lender need to be safe from asymmetric information, adverse selection of borrower and moral hazard and it is the financial intermediarys main job. To collect information about the borrower is not an easy task. It contains high cost for the small lenders which prevents him to invest his money. Also, he cannot give his money to the wrong person or firm. Financial intermediary could do this job on behalf of the investor. This job can be done by financial intermediaries in a low cost because of the large number of the customer they deal with. Also they act as specialist to this kind of financial transactions.However, financial intermediary is not always the haven. It has also risks of default, credit risk, liquidity risk, and etc. As we experience in the last financial crisis and the collapse of the biggest financial institutions or so the world as a result of transferring risk. I think Islamic banks are the solution. They share risks instead of transfer them. Every party have to bear part of the risk to be able to continue. Transferring risks are not the solution, which means party will have nothing and other will have everything as a result part of the economy, will continue and the other part will collapse. Lets imagine the collapse party is the banks. So, the crisis will extend to the economy as a whole.

Remarks on the Spoudaios in Plotinus Essay -- Ethics Philosophy Papers

Remarks on the Spoudaios in Plotinus Who is the Plotinian spoudaios and what is his function in the Enneads? This question turns out to be fundamental, especially when trying to make out an ethical dimension in Plotinus. Treatise I 4 46 offers, concerning that question, not only the longest bear on dealion of the spoudaios, just also shows how highly problematic it is to figure out more precisely his characteristics. This is due to the terminological ambiguity with the term sophos, which is also the reason why the 2 terms are often considered synonymous by translators. It appears in I 4 that this ambiguity is closely related to the question of aisthesis. And this is also perhaps the important problematic point concerning the spoudaios he is instituted by Plotinus as the paradigm of the living man, but is still described as someone who has detached himself from the bounds of the raw world. So this leads to several conclusions concerning the Plotinian conception of ethical implic ation.1. status questionisWho is the plotinian spoudaios and what is his function in the Enneads? This question occurs especially in regard to treatise I 4 46 which offers the longest sustained discussion of the spoudaios. The main problem which presents itself as regards the term spoudaios is its apparent terminological similarity with sophos. As most translations show, both terms seem to be taken as almost synonymous, the most problematic one being Brhiers French translation of the Enneads where spoudaios and sophos figure as the wise (le sage). This has mainly to do with the usage of the term of spoudaios, as will be shown further on. What I would like to show in this paper is that the function of the spoudaios has b... ...ry similar formulation in the pseudoplatonic Definitions spoudaios o teleios agathos ho echon ten autou areten (415e). (10) Even though within the three Ethics the status of the spoudaios turns out not to be totally equivalent. It is not possible to discuss further this point, as it would lead to considerations which go beyond the purpose of this paper.(11) NE III, 1113a32-33. (12) H. v. Arnim, Stoicorum veterum fragmenta, Teubner, Stuttgart, 1964, vol. III. (13) In Philo, vol. IX, trad. Colson, p. 10-100.(14) Which is the Henry-Schwyzer version, while Armstrong and Brhier read kan spoudaios e autarkes(15) Which is the classic argument since Aristotle, NE, I. 10. 1100a8 and 11. 1101a8. (16) both quotations are from Armstrongs translation, whereas I keep the Greek terms for spoudaios and sophos, so to avoid further ambiguities.

SHOULD WE FAVOR DRUG LEGALIZATION Essay examples -- essays research pa

SHOULD WE FAVOR DRUG LEGALIZATION?                          In the article Drug Policy and the Intellectuals, William J. Bennentt, chides intellectuals who believe drugs should be legalize. Bennett challenges his audience , by attacking intellectuals. even so Bennett tries to win over his audience of intellectuals in two ways by calling upon their talents and by attacking on the arguments of intellectuals who favor legalizing drugs. .He shows an understanding of others viewpoints by addressing points of oppositeness several times during the article. Bennett demonstrates knowledge of the subject by supporting his points with examples and facts.     In his opening remarks, Bennett comes close to insulting his audience of intellectuals by referring to those he is attacking as "they" (617 ). Early in the speech, he diplomatically praises some intellectuals, e specially in medicine and science, who are using their talents to combat the drug problem. Bennett makes clear that his speech leave alone not be politically partisan. Bennett will be criticizing intellectuals, whether on the left or the right, who hold either or both of these views that the drug problem smoke be solved by legalization and that the problem is so hopeless we should give up trying to fix it.       Although some of Bennetts coun...